From exploitation back to empowerment (2019)

From Exploitation Back to Empowerment addresses three major issues: (1) the under theorization of Black male athletes’ socialization processes, (2) the preponderance of deficit-based theories on Black male athletes, and (3) the lack of expansive analyses of Black male athletes from diverse backgrounds.

Grounded in empirical research, this text outlines five socialization models of Black male holistic (under)development through sport and (mis)education: ISSM, EALM, TRM, (P²EPGM), and HEM. Using ecological, race-based, gender-based, psychological, and athletic-based theories, each of the proposed models incorporates critical sociological insights whereby multi-level system factors (sub, chrono, macro, exo, meso, and micro) along with various intersecting identities and additional background characteristics are taken into account.

In addition, historical, sociocultural, political, and economic conditions are examined in relation to their influence on Black males’ socialization in and through sport and (mis)education.